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The chapter begins with the acceptance of the proposition, "organisms are complex systems." Organisms are from organisms, because formation of an organism requires a lot of prerequisite conditions; complex systems are included in a class of systems that require a lot of indispensable preconditions (fundamental conditions) for their formation (ontogeny). Fundamental conditions are prepared by a long time evolution process, so organisms cannot self-organize; self-organizing systems cannot be complex. Thus, to aim at conceptual analysis of and establishing of phenomenology of fundamental conditions must be a key task of the genuine complex systems studies. To this end we must pay due attention to actual biological systems. It is obvious that the so-called complex systems studies studied mostly pseudocomplex systems. The chapter concludes with some preliminary but general phenomenological observations about evolution of fundamental conditions (e.g., how complexity evolves) and about organisms.

DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54029-8_5

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